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Actuator technology
related: Sensor Technology, Human Interface System
Selected types
- electric motor
- brakes
- pneumatic (air)
- hydraulic (water)
- Shape memory alloy (metal, as lina described)
- piezoelectric
- piezoelectric pressure valve:
Shape memory alloys
Heat dissipation and response time may be significant impediments.
Sample kits available through hobbyist sites.
By the meter, this stuff is rather cheap ($5 per meter, roughly)
Additional links on SM alloy
http://www.smst.org/smstweblinks.html
Including numerous kits and a text: “Actuator Design Using Shape Memory Alloys”, as well as off the shelf integrated shape memory alloy actuators (20 cost $80, or 100 cost $300..) These have 20 mm displacement, and one pound pull