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--- brussels_plants [2008-10-14 14:43] – lina
+++ brussels_plants [2008-10-14 16:25] – lina
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 ===== Hordeum murinum (wall barley) =====
-{{:img_8872.jpg?200}}
+{{:img_8872.jpg?300}}{{:hordeum_spp_sturm57.jpg?300}}
-   * Plantago major(Broad-Leaved Plantain)
-   * Buddleja Davidii (Butterfly Bush)
+Wall barley is an annual grass common in central, southern and eastern England, and scattered elsewhere. It is found on waste and
+rough ground and barish patches in rough grassland. It occurs on the margins of cultivated fields.
+Distribution is related both to the availability of ruderal habitats and to climate. Frequency decreases with increasing rainfall combined with decreasing temperatures, although, it can cope with greater rainfall if temperatures are higher. In ruderal situations it extends further into cooler wetter regions by taking advantage of features such as the base walls where conditions are locally warmer and drier.
+Wall barley is part of a complex of overlapping subspecies whose centre of distribution is in the
+Mediterranean region. Subspecies murinum is the native grass in the UK. Sub-species leporinum and glaucum are introduced casuals.
+In Australia, biotypes of the latter two sub-species have been reported with resistance to the herbicide paraquat
+In New Zealand, wall barley is a particular problem to stock.
+The sharply pointed seeds can penetrate the eyes, mouth and skin of sheep causing animal losses and devaluing the pelts.
+The level of damage is influenced by the breed of sheep, mainly due to differences in the structure of the coat.
+Sheep dogs too are affected when the seeds become embedded between their toes.
+http://www.gardenorganic.org.uk/organicweeds/weed_information/weed.php?id=125
+===== Plantago major(Broad-Leaved Plantain) =====
+{{:placom43-l.jpg?300}}{{:img_8894.jpg?500}}
+It grows from a very short rhizome, which bears below a great number of long, straight, yellowish roots, and above, a large, radial rosette of leaves and a few Iong, slender, densely-flowered spikes.
+The leaves are ovate, blunt, abruptly contracted at the base into a long, broad, channelled footstalk (petiole).
+The blade is 4 to 10 inches long and about two-thirds as broad, usually smooth, thickish, five to eleven ribbed, the ribs having a strongly fibrous structure, the margin entire, or coarsely and unevenly toothed.
+The flower-spikes, erect, on long stalks, are as long as the leaves, 1/4 to 1/3 inch thick and usually blunt.
+The flowers are somewhat purplish-green, the calyx fourparted, the small corolla bell-shaped and four-lobed, the stamens four, with purple anthers.
+The fruit is a two-celled capsule, not enclosed in the perianth, and containing four to sixteen seeds.
+The Plantain belongs to the natural order Plantaginaceae, which contains more than 200 species, twenty-five or thirty of which have been reported as in domestic use.
+The drug is without odour: the leaves are saline, bitterish and acrid to the taste; the root is saline and sweetish.
+The glucoside Aucubin, first isolated in Aucuba japonica, has been reported as occurring in many species.
+Medicinal Action and Properties
+Refrigerant, diuretic, deobstruent and somewhat astringent. Has been used in inflammation of the skin, malignant ulcers, intermittent fever, etc., and as a vulnerary, and externally as a stimulant application to sores.
+Applied to a bleeding surface, the leaves are of some value in arresting haemorrhage, but they are useless in internal haemorrhage, although they were formerly used for bleeding of the lungs and stomach, consumption and dysentery.
+The fresh leaves are applied whole or bruised in the form of a poultice.
+Rubbed on parts of the body stung by insects, nettles, etc., or as an application to burns and scalds, the leaves will afford relief and will stay the bleeding of minor wounds.
+Fluid extract: dose, 1/2 to 1 drachm.
+In the Highlands the Plantain is still called 'Slan-lus,' or plant of healing, from a firm belief in its healing virtues.
+Pliny goes so far as to state, 'on high authority,' that if 'it be put into a pot where many pieces of flesh are boiling, it will sodden them together.'
+He also says that it will cure the madness of dogs.
+Erasmus, in his Colloquia, tells a story of a toad, who, being bitten by a spider, was straightway freed from any poisonous effects he may have dreaded by the prompt eating of a Plantain leaf.
+Another old Herbal says: 'If a woodhound (mad dog) rend a man, take this wort, rub it fine and lay it on; then will the spot soon be whole.
+' And in the United States the plant is called 'Snake Weed,' from a belief in its efficacy in cases of bites from venomous creatures;
+it is related that a dog was one day stung by a rattlesnake and a preparation of the juice of the Plantain and salt was applied as promptly as possible to the wound.
+The animal was in great agony, but quickly recovered and shook off all trace of its misadventure.
+Dr. Robinson (New Family Herbal) tells us that an Indian received a great reward from the Assembly of South Carolina for his discovery that the Plantain was 'the chief remedy for the cure of the rattlesnake.'
+Our Saxon ancestors esteemed it highly and in the old Lacnunga the Weybroed is mentioned as one of nine sacred herbs.
+In this most ancient source of Anglo-Saxon medicine, we find this 'salve for flying venom':'Take a handful of hammer wort and a handful of maythe (chamomile) and a handful of waybroad and roots of water dock,
+seek those which will float, and one eggshell full of clean honey, then take clean butter, let him who will help to work up the salve,
+melt it thrice: let one sing a mass over the worts, before they are put together and the salve is wrought up.
+http://www.botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/p/placom43.html
+=====  Buddleja Davidii (Butterfly Bush) =====
+{{:buda8879.jpg?200}}{{:img_8902.jpg?200}}
+Butterfly bush is the perfect foundation plant for a butterfly garden. The species are commonly known as Butterfly Bush due to their attractiveness to butterflies; they are also attractive to bees, moths and ladybirds.
+The species of buddleia with red flowers are also attractive to hummingbirds.
+The larger cultivars should be placed behind other shrubs and blooming annuals and perennials.
+Dark flowered varieties show up quite well against a light background.
+Plant alongside pentas (Pentas lanceolata), lantana (Lantana camara) and zinnias Zinnia elegans) for non-stop butterfly activity,
+and find a place nearby for parsley (Petroselinum crispum), passion vine (Passiflora incarnata) and other butterfly larval food plants.
+The most popular cultivated species is Buddleja davidii from central China, named after the French naturalist Père Armand David.
+Other common garden species include Buddleja globosa from southern Chile, grown for its strongly honey-scented orange globular flower-heads, and Buddleja alternifolia with lilac coloured flowers.
+Some species are commonly found as escapees from the garden. B. davidii in particular is a great coloniser of dry open ground; in towns in Britain,
+it often self-sows on waste ground, where it grows into a dense thicket, and it is listed as an invasive species in many areas.
+It is frequently seen beside railway lines, on derelict factory sites and after the Second World War on urban bomb sites.
+It is not able to survive the harsh winters of northern continental climates, being killed by temperatures below about -15°C to -20°C.
+http://www.floridata.com/ref/B/budd_dav.cfm
+http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddleia
 ===== Pissenlit officinal or Taraxacum officinale(Dandelion) =====
 {{:dandel08-l.jpg?200}}{{:img_8892.jpg?300}}
@@ Line 53: / Line 130: @@
+   * Dandelion Folklore/ http://fohn.net/dandelion-pictures/dandelion-wine-recipe.html
+   * Dandelion Wine/ http://pjf.id.au/brew/brews/09_dandelion_wine.html
+   * Dandelion Jam and Martha's Spider Bread/ http://www.dandelionjam.com/page13.html
+   * Dandelion Literature/ http://fohn.net/dandelion-pictures/literature.html
+   * Dandelion Magick / http://newage.suite101.com/article.cfm/dandelion_magic
+   * Myth and Folklore: Dandelions/ http://www.suite101.com/article.cfm/13513/110042
 ===== Crepis tectorum (Narrow-Leaved Hawk's-Beard) =====
@@ Line 65: / Line 148: @@
    * Conyza canadensis
-   * Galinsoga ciliata
+===== Galinsoga ciliata =====
+{{:gallinsoga_ciliata_flowers.jpg?200}}{{:img_8878.jpg?300}}
+Galinsoga quadriradiata is a species of flowering plant in the daisy family which is known by several common names, including shaggy soldier, hairy galinsoga, and fringed quickweed. It is found throughout most of the temperate world, but apparently its native home is Mexico. In Portuguese-speaking countries where it is widely naturalized - e.g. in Brazil - it is known as botão-de-ouro.
+This is an annual herb which varies in appearance. The main stem reaches anywhere from 10 to 60 centimeters in height and may branch or not. The petioled leaves are oval and serrated and are covered in a coat of soft hairs. The small flower heads are up to a centimeter wide and have rounded center filled with many disc florets usually in a shade of bright yellow. There are five white ray florets widely spaced around the center, each an oval shape with one or two deep notches in the end. The fruit is a small achene with a large pappus.
+Flowering - May - November /Habitat - Waste ground, cultivated areas, roadsides /Origin - Native to Central and South America.
+This weedy little species can be found scattered throughout Missouri. The plant can be identified by its small flowers, opposite leaves, and hairy stems. It commonly shows up in flower beds and in cultivated fields.
+This species is edible.
+http://www.missouriplants.com/Whiteopp/Galinsoga_ciliata_page.html
+http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galinsoga_quadriradiata
 ===== Marchantiophyta/Pellia epiphylla (Liverwort) =====
 {{:liverwort_life_cycle.jpg?200}}{{:img_8865.jpg?250}}
@@ Line 75: / Line 171: @@
 --Ecology--
 Today, liverworts can be found in many ecosystems across the planet except the sea and excessively dry environments, or those exposed to high levels of direct solar radiation. As with most groups of living plants, they are most common (both in numbers and species) in moist tropical areas.Liverworts are more commonly found in moderate to deep shade, though desert species may tolerate direct sunlight and periods of total desiccation.
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marchantiophyta
-   * Geranium robertianum
+===== Geranium robertianum =====
+{{:geranium_robertianum_sturm7-1.jpg?200}}{{:img_8877.jpg?300}}
+Geranium robertianum poses a threat to forest understories and plant biodiversity by displacing native species, especially herbaceous species. In preliminary research in western Washington it was found that under 90 percent canopy cover it was possible to find 250 plants/m2. In a more open canopy (e.g., 50-60 percent) there were only 112 plants/m2 but these plants were larger and more vigorous. There are unsubstantiated reports that its strong odor may trigger asthma attacks (Tisch 1992). Beneficial: Herb Robert is an ornamental species and has been sold in nurseries in the Pacific Northwest and elsewhere. White flowered forms are also sold. It has a long history of medicinal use including relief from toothaches and nosebleeds (Bath and Jones 1994).
+Freshly picked leaves are rubbed on the body to repel mosquitoes[53]. They impart their own peculiar odour. A brown dye is obtained from the whole plant
+   * http://www.nwcb.wa.gov/weed_info/Written_findings/Geranium_robertianum.html
+   * http://www.pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Geranium+robertianum
+   * http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Geranium+robertianum
+   * http://www.spiceworld.uk.com/?gclid=CJG05aqMp5YCFQ5MQgodJhPd6g
+ ===== Cymbalaria muralis =====
+ {{:via_aemilia_reggio_emilia.jpg?300}}{{:cymbalaria_muralis_7f2.jpg?300}}{{:cymbalaria_muralis_sturm21.jpg?150}}
+It is hardy to zone 3 and is not frost tender. It is in flower from May to September, and the seeds ripen from July to October.
+The flowers are hermaphrodite (have both male and female organs) and are pollinated by Bees. The plant is self-fertile.
+The plant prefers light (sandy), medium (loamy) and heavy (clay) soils and requires well-drained soil.
+The plant prefers acid, neutral and basic (alkaline) soils. It can grow in semi-shade (light woodland). It requires dry or moist soil.
+Habitats: Woodland Garden; Dappled Shade; Shady Edge; North Wall In; East Wall In; South Wall In; West Wall In;
+Edible Uses: Leaves - raw. The leaves have been used in salads, being acrid and pungent like cress[4]. We find them rather bitter and not very pleasant, though they are available all year round and so might be useful in the winter[K]. Some caution is advised, see the notes above on toxicity.
+A clear yellow dye is obtained from the flowers, though it is not very permanent
+http://www.pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Cymbalaria+muralis