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- | ==== Scenario Methods ==== | + | ===== Scenario Methods |
- | This page is an evolving, non-exhaustive collection of different | + | This page is an evolving, non-exhaustive collection of different |
+ | Our filter is looking at approaches that can help us move from forecasting to embodiment, from story to experience. As in Ffab we are primarily focused on creating (immersive) situations where possible futures / parallel histories or presents can be experienced (and then reflecting on how this experience can affect our present behaviours), | ||
- | === Preparation beforehand === | + | ==== Methods, comparisons ==== |
+ | |||
+ | An overview a simple description of a scenario building process can be found in [[http:// | ||
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+ | "The paper to review all the techniques for developing scenarios that have appeared in the literature, along with comments on their utility, strengths and weaknesses. [...] eight categories of techniques that include a total of 23 variations used to develop scenarios. There are descriptions and evaluations for each." "Based on our review of the literature, we have discovered eight general categories (types) of scenario techniques with two to three variations for each type, resulting in more than two dozen techniques overall. There are, of course, variations of the variations." | ||
+ | |||
+ | - Judgment (genius forecasting, | ||
+ | - Baseline/ | ||
+ | - Elaboration of fixed scenarios (incasting, SRI) | ||
+ | - Event sequences (probability trees, sociovision, | ||
+ | - Backcasting (horizon mission methodology, | ||
+ | - Dimensions of uncertainty (morphological analysis, field anomaly relaxation, GBN, MORPHOL, OS/SE) | ||
+ | - Cross-impact analysis (SMIC PROF-EXPERT, | ||
+ | - Modeling (trend impact analysis, sensitivity analysis, dynamic scenarios) | ||
+ | |||
+ | From [[http:// | ||
+ | |||
+ | Another attempt at scenario typology is the [[http:// | ||
+ | - Predictive (Forecasts, What if) | ||
+ | - Explorative (External, Strategic) | ||
+ | - Normative (Preserving, | ||
+ | They categorise scenario techniques (all of which contribute to different scenario methods) into three kinds: | ||
+ | - Generating techniques: generation of ideas and collection of data (surveys, Delphi, workshops) | ||
+ | - Integrating techniques: combining parts into wholes (time-series analysis, explanatory modelling, optimised modelling) | ||
+ | - Consistency techniques: checking the consistency of scenarios (cross impact analysis, morphological field analysis) | ||
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+ | Curry, Andrew and Wendy Schultz (2009), [[http:// | ||
+ | insight which emerge when different scenarios methods are used, the way in which choice of method might influence the types of conversations which are enabled by different scenarios processes, or the benefits and risks in using one approach over another. (...) To some extent, any scenario method can be completed as a desk-top research exercise. But creating scenario processes that effectively create change means creating participatory processes: scenarios create new behaviour only insofar as they create new patterns of thinking across a significant population within an organisation. So how engaging is each method, and what kind of thinking, conversation, | ||
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+ | Each of these scenario methods appears to have distinguishing strengths. The 2x2 matrix approach produces four scenarios consistently focused on alternative outcomes for an issue at a specific scale. CLA generates conversations that dig down into the worldviews, mental models and cultural structures that inform how we perceive both issues and possible future outcomes. Manoa creates a diverse array of details across all levels of a possible future. Scenario archetypes guarantee consideration of outcomes across a specified set of worldviews. Yet none by itself is really a ' | ||
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+ | Examples of (historical) scenario methods: | ||
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+ | The scenario building exercise (step 1-6) in the [[prehearsal pocket guide]] is based on the 2x2 method by Peter Schwartz in The Art of the Long View. On [[http:// | ||
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+ | < | ||
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+ | " | ||
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+ | < | ||
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+ | CLA simplified: | ||
+ | * define the issue (or question) | ||
+ | * discuss each layer separately | ||
+ | * cluster into themes | ||
+ | * after reaching the bottom layer, pick a different myth/ | ||
+ | |||
+ | The [[http:// | ||
+ | [1] choose 3-5 significant emerging issues of change ('weak signals' | ||
+ | [2] brainstorm or mindmap the potential impact cascades of each, working one by one; \\ | ||
+ | [3] consider the cross-impacts arising from the 3-5 drivers and their impacts working together; \\ | ||
+ | [4] doublecheck the depth of detail using an ethnographic inventory; \\ | ||
+ | [5] develop a summary metaphor or title \\ | ||
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+ | < | ||
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+ | Joseph Coates wrote "Today the question of what scenarios are is unclear except with regard to one point-they have become extremely popular. Many people see scenarios as forecasts of some future condition while others disavow that their scenarios are forecasts. Yet looking at scenarios that do not come labeled as forecasts or non-forecasts. It is difficult to tell them apart. The purpose of the scenario is at a meta level, since the scenario usually does not speak for itself in terms of its purpose." | ||
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+ | < | ||
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+ | Michel Godet writes in [[http:// | ||
+ | simple tools that may be appropriated. However, these simple tools are inspired by intellectual rigor that enables one to ask the right questions. Of course, these tools do not come with a guarantee. The natural talent, | ||
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+ | < | ||
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+ | The "Cone of Plausibility, | ||
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+ | < | ||
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+ | [[Morphological Analysis]] is a way to create one normative scenario, from which a number of critical uncertainties are selected and given a set of variables; by combining different variables several ' | ||
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+ | < | ||
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+ | Anna Maria Orru and David Relan wrote [[:/ | ||
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+ | < | ||
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+ | More methods are described in the Futures Research Methodologies [[http:// | ||
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+ | Finally, an interesting avenue to explore are remote scenario planning workshops using various online collaboration tools. Jamais Cascio describes [[http:// | ||
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+ | |||
+ | ===== Scenario Techniques ==== | ||
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+ | Below we explore different techniques/ | ||
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+ | |||
+ | ==== Preparation beforehand | ||
//What can we/ | //What can we/ | ||
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* Interviews, questionnaires for participants beforehand | * Interviews, questionnaires for participants beforehand | ||
* Collective horizon scanning (facilitators, | * Collective horizon scanning (facilitators, | ||
+ | * Insight meditation | ||
* ... | * ... | ||
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* ... | * ... | ||
- | === Key question === | + | ==== Key question |
//How to craft good questions?// | //How to craft good questions?// | ||
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* [[https:// | * [[https:// | ||
- | //How can we encourage an 'inquiring | + | Questions |
Why does it seem more difficult to phrase questions rather than stating problems? | Why does it seem more difficult to phrase questions rather than stating problems? | ||
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- | === Plotting the present situation === | + | ==== Plotting the present situation |
//What are different ways to map-out the present situation surrounding the key question?// | //What are different ways to map-out the present situation surrounding the key question?// | ||
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//What does a ' | //What does a ' | ||
- | + | A few ideas on [[non_predictive_strategy]] | |
//When does it help to talk about things that are fixed, or constraints that exist?// | //When does it help to talk about things that are fixed, or constraints that exist?// | ||
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* on the other hand, in more open-ended workshops (say in the beginning of projects) talking about what's fixed created some discomfort (or perhaps it was just unclear what we meant by fixed) | * on the other hand, in more open-ended workshops (say in the beginning of projects) talking about what's fixed created some discomfort (or perhaps it was just unclear what we meant by fixed) | ||
- | === Key factors === | + | ==== Key factors |
//What are different ways to visualise and cluster the relationships between key factors// | //What are different ways to visualise and cluster the relationships between key factors// | ||
- | * Affinity diagram | + | * [[https:// |
+ | * [[https:// | ||
* [[http:// | * [[http:// | ||
* " | * " | ||
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* success criteria (what will make my question succeed or fail) | * success criteria (what will make my question succeed or fail) | ||
- | === Change Drivers === | + | ==== Change Drivers |
* how much analysis is appropriate for the types of scenarios and prehearsals we’re making? | * how much analysis is appropriate for the types of scenarios and prehearsals we’re making? | ||
* how can we make assumptions and guesswork more apparent (i.e. indicating how drivers can be based on an assumption, guess or ' | * how can we make assumptions and guesswork more apparent (i.e. indicating how drivers can be based on an assumption, guess or ' | ||
- | * what is the relevance of facts and data related to macro trends | + | * what is the relevance of facts and data related to drivers of change |
- | * how can we have a more constructive discussion about the macro trends which results in something more meaningful than a list of assumptions? | + | * can we have a more constructive discussion about the macro trends which results in something more meaningful than a list of assumptions (without too much expert analysis needed beforehand)? |
- | * how do we look at drivers as dynamic forces? should we be looking at responses to trends rather than trends in general? | + | |
- | //What are existing ways of discussing | + | //How do we look at drivers as dynamic forces? should we be looking at responses to trends rather than trends |
- | * See various methods on the [[horizon scanning]] page | + | (nouns -> verbs) |
+ | |||
+ | | ||
+ | * [[https:// | ||
+ | * [[www.cgee.org.br%2Fatividades%2FredirKori%2F3302& | ||
+ | * MA/FAR (see below) | ||
- | * should we make our own STEEP (or related) cards to avoid the ' | + | // should we make our own STEEP (or related) cards to avoid the ' |
- | * are there other well understood methods to group trends other than the customary STEEP (in which cultural changes seem to be clumped in with social or political)? | + | * are there other well understood methods to group trends other than the customary STEEP (in which cultural changes seem to be clumped in with social or political)? |
- | * is there another way to look at large scale changes aside from trends (without having to do a PhD in each of the changes)? | + | |
- | * how effective are these methods and how can we usefully | + | //Is there another way to look at large scale changes aside from trends (without having to do a PhD in each of the changes)?// |
+ | |||
+ | * weak signals, emerging issues, historical analogues | ||
+ | * the Manoa approach says looks at emerging issues rather than drivers of change - ref. needed... | ||
+ | |||
+ | // How effective are these methods and how can we usefully | ||
+ | |||
+ | It seems to be a big academic issue (see thesis by Mihaela Ghisa) | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==== Ranking critical uncertainties ==== | ||
- | === Ranking critical uncertainties === | + | (this is relevant only for the 2x2 scenario method. other methods use more axes (but are equally vague about how to select them) |
- | * what are different ways in which this is done by others? | + | * what are different ways in which this is done by others? |
* [[http:// | * [[http:// | ||
- | === Scenarios === | + | ==== Scenarios |
//When to use one, two, three or more axes// | //When to use one, two, three or more axes// | ||
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* __Branch analysis method__: The ‘branch analysis’ method is suited to developing scenarios around specific turning-points that are known in advance (e.g. elections, a referendum or peace process). This approach works best for a shorter time horizon: generally up to five years.[[http:// | * __Branch analysis method__: The ‘branch analysis’ method is suited to developing scenarios around specific turning-points that are known in advance (e.g. elections, a referendum or peace process). This approach works best for a shorter time horizon: generally up to five years.[[http:// | ||
* __Cone of plausibility__ method: offers a more deterministic model of the way in which drivers lead to outcomes, by explicitly listing assumptions and how these might change. Of the three techniques, this approach is most suitable for shorter-term time horizons (e.g. a few months to 2-3 years), but can be used to explore longer-term time horizons. It also suits contexts with a limited number of important drivers.[[http:// | * __Cone of plausibility__ method: offers a more deterministic model of the way in which drivers lead to outcomes, by explicitly listing assumptions and how these might change. Of the three techniques, this approach is most suitable for shorter-term time horizons (e.g. a few months to 2-3 years), but can be used to explore longer-term time horizons. It also suits contexts with a limited number of important drivers.[[http:// | ||
- | + | | |
- | * [[http://www.swemorph.com/ma.html|Morphological Analysis]] could be a great way to work with a large number of clustered drivers, that can be combined in different ways to select a smaller set of important and/or quickly create basic scenario skeletons. The foodprints ruler from FoAM Nordica works on a similar principle. | + | * Manoa approach: "the scenarios it produces are generally much longer-term, |
- | + | * Harman Fan: " | |
- | * [[http://www.systemdynamics.org/conferences/2000/ | + | * etc (see in methods above) |
//How to better structure building scenario skeletons with guiding questions (which questions could be generalised)?// | //How to better structure building scenario skeletons with guiding questions (which questions could be generalised)?// | ||
+ | |||
+ | have a look at the CLA or the [[http:// | ||
+ | |||
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+ | ==== From scenarios to story-worlds ==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | * what techniques can we use to flesh out the scenarios into interesting stories? | ||
+ | * [[https:// | ||
+ | * [[https:// | ||
+ | * "a day in the life of..." (a character in a scenario, or one character in different scenarios) | ||
+ | * ... | ||
- | === From scenarios to story-worlds === | ||
- | * what techniques can we use to flesh out the scenarios into interesting stories | + | ==== Retrocasting ==== |
- | * what elements do we need in a scenario database? | + | |
- | * how to create rich characters and meaningful plots? | + | |
- | === Retrocasting === | + | "The best kinds of stories are about how you get from here to there, not just what there looks like." --Jamais Cascio |
Searching for present signals, asking the question "how to get from here to there" | Searching for present signals, asking the question "how to get from here to there" | ||
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* what are important things to focus on? | * what are important things to focus on? | ||
- | === Visualising === | + | ==== Visualising |
- | * which methods could we use to visualise | + | // |
+ | * moodboards | ||
+ | * collages | ||
+ | * storyboard | ||
+ | * newspaper with headlines | ||
+ | * video mix | ||
+ | * [[|https:// | ||
- | === Prototyping === | + | ==== Prototyping |
* which methods could we use to prototype possible futures? | * which methods could we use to prototype possible futures? | ||
- | === Prehearsals === | + | More on [[possible_futures_parallel_presents]] and [[experiential futures]] |
+ | |||
+ | ==== Prehearsals | ||
* how to design them? | * how to design them? | ||
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* how to evaluate them? | * how to evaluate them? | ||
- | === Follow-up === | + | continue research on [[prehearsal methods]] |
+ | |||
+ | ==== Follow-up | ||
* How can we follow-up what happens to the groups after we finish the workshops (especially to understand what happens to commitments to actions and preferred possible futures)? | * How can we follow-up what happens to the groups after we finish the workshops (especially to understand what happens to commitments to actions and preferred possible futures)? | ||
* How much do we need to be involved in the follow-up? | * How much do we need to be involved in the follow-up? | ||
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+ | It all depends on the purpose of the workshop... | ||
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+ | ==== Futures research methods ==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | < | ||
+ | |||
+ | < | ||
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+ | From: [[https:// | ||
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+ | {{: | ||
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+ | Mapping scenarios techniques. (Source: Andrew Curry) | ||
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+ |