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--- hosting_craft [2013-12-19 16:09] – [Session 4: The conversations] maja
+++ hosting_craft [2014-10-27 15:34] – [References] maja
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 ==== Hosting craft ====
-This page is an overview of facilitation and hosting techniques practiced at FoAM for over a decade.
+This page has an overview of facilitation and hosting techniques practiced at FoAM for over a decade. The page is structured based on the course notes for the participatory Hosting Craft training sessions designed by Maja Kuzmanovic in 2013-2014. As such the page is still in progress...
 //With thanks to Maggie Buxton, Simone Poutnik, Hendrik Tiessinga (and others from The Art of Hosting community), Nick Payne, Ineke Van Mulders, Edel Maex, Christina Stadlbauer, Helga Hartl and many others who have facilitated workshops, held trainings and retreats through which we experienced the practice and the craft of hosting and facilitation.//
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-Next time (January 2014): 'Harvesting': note taking and summarising, with a side note on listening and public speaking.
+Next time (April 2014): 'Harvesting': note taking and summarising, with a side note on listening and public speaking.
+==== Session 5: Listening and summarising ====
+While the participants are 'conversing' one of the most important roles of the host is to listen and summarise conversations, find overarching patterns and distill the essence of the discussions.
+=== Listening ===
+A few notes on [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_listening|Active Listening]]
+== Comprehension ==
+  * understanding what the other person is saying.
+  * shared meaning, language, jargon issues
+== Retaining ==
+  * memory: related to making meaning (memory fills in the blanks - 'kunstendecreet', 'slacktivism'
+  * different memories, different meanings attached to the same statement
+We can’t retain everything we hear, several reasons:
+  * cramming: a lot of info at the same time stored in short term memory, then purged
+  * not paying attention to what is being said
+  * not finding something important - looses meaning
+  * lack motivation to better remember what is being said: using info immediately after it was received increases our ability to retain information
+== Responding ==
+  * if in an interaction (conversation rather than lecture), you’re required to respond, it makes your listening more active
+  * mindless listening <-> mindful (active) listening
+== Active listening ==
+  * both words and non-verbal signals (body language)
+  * hearing, then restating/paraphrasing what has been heard in your own words/language
+Barriers:
+  * distractions (physical - sounds, visual…)
+  * trigger words
+  * vocabulary
+  * limited attention span
+  * making assumptions based on our own experience, rather than really listening
+  * conversational narcissism, shift response - listen to what someone says, then turning the conversation to you without showing interest whether the others are listening, or whether what you’re saying is continuing/diverting the conversational flow
+  * support response - opposite of shift response: focus conversational attention to the other person, encourages cooperation (remember compass) - not me-oriented but we-oriented
+What to do:
+  * put personal emotions aside
+  * ask clarifying questions
+  * paraphrase and repeat to make sure you understand
+  * try to overcome all environmental distractions
+  * not judging or arguing prematurely (holding onto a personal opinion)
+  * eye contact (in most EU cultures) and appropriate body language (mirroring, or middle position)
+  * empathise, try to listen from within the others’ shoes
+  * intonation and stressing particular words can keep listeners from being distracted
+<blockquote>Exercise: In pairs: one person speaks, the other(s) listen, ask questions, repeat/paraphrase at the end, check if correct. What to talk about? Describe a painful situation/conflict/dilemma you’re currently faced with </blockquote>
+=== Summarising ===
+i.e. Restating main ideas of a conversation in as few words as possible. Summary is like a quilt that pulls together very different pieces of fabric
+In a summary the host takes what everyone has said into account, distills essential points in a concise and clear language. It's important to pay attention to what kind of information you’re summarising (is it describing the context, is it a call for action, opinions, answers to questions), especially if there are 'next steps' to be done. Always end by asking if people agree with your summary, if they have something to add, if something is unclear or if you misunderstood something - "did I get it right, did i get it all?" By the end of the summary, people should have a sense of closure, that the discussion is rounded up and there isn’t more to be said.
+A good summary:
+  * uses the words of the speaker so they maintain ownership of what is said
+  * enables an overview of the discussion/situation that is played back to the group, using their own words as much as possible
+  * finds the essence in the jungle of words and opinions
+  * no advice, opinion or re-interpretation
+  * it doesn’t have to be perfect - it allows the group to reflect on whether you understood correctly - and if not, maybe others didn’t either…
+  * it gives the speakers a chance to 'hear themselves' as they have been heard - they can review their thoughts and feelings from a more detached position
+  * sees things as a whole, when all the details, distractions, emotions… are removed
+  * ensures clear communication
+== How to structure summaries ==
+Be short and to the point, keep in mind what the topic or the question of the conversation is and find a words to pull together possible answers/clear descriptions.
+Begin with a statement that shows that you’re summarising:
+  * let me see if i understand so far…
+  * here’s what i’ve heard, let me know if i’m missing something
+  * let me see if i have all of this…
+  * we’re coming to a close and i’d like to try to pull together what we said, to see where we are and where we’re going…
+If there are different opinions or options, make sure to include them all
+  * on the one hand… while on the other…
+  * at the same time…
+  * and…
+End with an open question:
+  * what else?
+  * what other points are there to consider?
+When to summarise?
+  * at transition points
+  * in between sessions
+  * when changing topics
+  * to wrap up a session
+  * in the beginning and/or end of the day
+<blockquote>Exercise: pick a range of different videos of speeches, lectures, TED / PechaKucha talks, interviews and debates. Watch and listen to them, take notes and verbally summarise what you heard. Try getting a very different range of people and topics: from politics, science, culture, activism... and if you speak different languages, try it out with a few different ones as well</blockquote>
+=== Impromptu public speaking ===
+When summarising, you usually don’t have time to prepare a considered speech (unless the workshop spreads across multiple days, and you summarise the previous day in the morning - which you should always try to do). If it is possible to find some time to consider your words, that’s great, If not - a few things to keep in mind when you’re trying to be persuasive/holding people’s attention (Suggestions from [[http://www.hks.harvard.edu/about/faculty-staff-directory/marie-danziger/%28page%29/faculty|Marie Danziger]]:
+A speech has 3 elements, and so does a summary:
+  * logos (content and structure)
+  * pathos (emotional impact)
+  * ethos (personal credibility and likeability)
+(all three depend on the audience’s sensitivity)
+Logos:
+  * keep it simple and easy to remember
+  * establish common ground
+  * think about what might be objections and counter arguments
+Pathos:
+  * acknowledge your audience’s values and feelings
+  * share your own feelings and reactions
+  * use striking facts and contrasts
+  * be personal and visual
+Ethos:
+  * show that you care
+  * acknowledge the colour of your lens
+  * use examples
+  * refer to people
+  * be real and interactive
+<blockquote> Exercise: Have a casual group conversation about a topic of your choice. For example:
+  * how does your life change with your children on school holidays
+  * what does climate chaos and unpredictable weather conditions impact your life?
+  * how do you deal with exhaustion?
+  * what could we work on together?
+  * etc.
+Each host-in-training should have a chance to listen and summarise, so you should have as many rounds as hosts. Make the conversations 5-10 minutes long, then have the host summarise. Discuss the delivery and content of the summary together (did the host capture the gist of the conversation? was the summary helpful to make sense of what was discussed? what was the delivery of the summary like (think about logos, pathos, ethos)? etc...) Then move to the next conversation, until all hosts had their turn. </blockquote>
+Next session (20140612 at 2PM): Graphic Harvesting/Recording
+==== Session 6: Graphic harvesting ====
+Many thanks to Nik Payne… many notes below are from his course
+=== What is graphic harvesting/visual recording/visual facilitation? ===
+  * Not just about pretty pictures! It is much more about listening, digesting, synthesizing, organising, visualising and summarising conversations. So don’t worry if you feel that you can’t draw. Listening, distilling and spatial awareness are much more important to begin with.
+  * When the budget is tight, the facilitator can be the graphic harvester as well, but if  possible it’s better to have a facilitator focusing on hosting and the recorder on harvesting. The relationship between the host and the recorder is a very important one to cultivate - you’re there to support each other…
+== Why do it? ==
+  * It helps to keep your and other participants’ attention on the subject, to see patterns and key insights from the forest of words and discussions. It isn’t just about the result itself, but about the participants seeing the whole grow throughout the session: they can SEE the process evolve and remember more and make sense of what is happening.
+  * Engaging multiple senses - not just audio and text, but also visuals (engaging other senses is another story). Our brain can process much more information when multiple senses are involved - illuminated manuscripts, graphic novels…
+== What do you need for graphic harvesting? ==
+  * People and conversations
+  * Room with one or more big flat surfaces (walls, windows) and enough space to move (step back to see the big picture)
+  * Paper (or blackboards / whiteboards)
+  * Pens/Markers/Chalk
+  * Masking tape (or other tape that is strong enough, but won’t damage the walls)
+  * Knife (to cut the paper)
+  * (big) sticky address labels (for covering up mistakes)
+  * pastels to create blocks of colour
+=== What is the process of graphic harvesting? ===
+== Preparation ==
+Questions to ask:
+  * What is the need
+  * Who are the people
+  * What is the purpose
+  * What is the outcome desired
+  * What is the process (and hosting)
+What is the desired format (images, video, graphics, quotes…)
+  * depends on purpose and outcome
+  * depends on who it is intended for:
+    * individual - notes
+    * collective - graphic
+    * others who were not a part of the process - graphic for others
+To prepare yourself:
+  * what do I know about the context and the subject? What I don’t know, can I find out?
+  * What is the nature of the discussion, is there a structure?
+  * What are the sought outcomes, how can I make sure to capture and visualise them?
+  * Be aware that in the moment things might go differently, so be prepared to improvise
+== Capture ==
+Important to remember that it doesn’t matter what you (the harvester) think. See yourself as a surface (e.g. surface of a lake) - when your mind is still, you can reflect things as they are, when it’s disturbed/wavy, you deform things, or make them murky… Be aware of your own lenses and try to keep them as clear as possible. You are there to support, not to give opinions: capture what is important to them, not to you. So first thing to do is BREATHE! It helps with staying calm and focused (and alive). The second thing is to LISTEN. Not just to what is said, but how it is said. The third thing is to THINK on your feet - just for a brief moment to help you DISTILL what is said. Put the pen on paper asap. TIME is of the essence…
+The first task is to gather data. Find flow and meaning in the words…
+The second (and most important task) is to distill and process data (what is the essence that can inform the outcome):
+  * Highlight meaning and recurring insight - what is this conversation really about? find keywords (even if they are not said), patterns, name them… Capture things that made the room react, things that they repeat..
+  * Relationships and connections (e.g. network maps, clusters, mind maps…)
+  * Capacities, resources and methods (that can help the group achieve the outcomes)
+  * Actions (things people mention in passing that already points to 'next steps')
+The final task is to create imagery (if there is time).
+== Feedback/summary ==
+  * Feeding back and feeding forward: using harvesting to make meaning of what happened and to inform the group towards next steps
+  * Try to get the opportunity to explain what you have done and to ask for feedback (what have I missed?)
+=== Harvesting tools ===
+  * **Letters** (speed vs legibility): if things are going fast, write things up as you can, don’t worry about graphics
+  * **Spacing and structuring of space** (frame, flow - e.g. inside->outside, left, right, up, down…)
+  * **Lines**: grouping, connection, separation, emphasis
+  * **Shapes**: enforcing separation and grouping (different shapes have different associations: eg. circle = wholeness, square = contrast, stability, rigidity, star - importance, bright, rank), diagrams (venn, matrixes, curves…)
+  * **Symbols**: maths, music, religious, monetary, airport, road…
+  * **Visual conventions**: add meanings and contexts: speech bubbles, speed lines, emotional emphasis, hearts, excalamation marks, typographic playfulness (eg. shivering letters for the word cold)
+  * **Colours**: group, separate, enrich meaning, stimulate (take time to consider which colours to use! (exercise: associations to red, blue, yellow, orange, green, purple, white (thin blue line around white letter), black)
+  * **Insignia**: flags, logos
+  * **Life**: people and things
+  * **Icons**: use to visualise - steal, or build your own iconography.
+=== Exercises ===
+<blockquote> Below are a few quick exercises we did during a three hour session, each of which can expand to fill in weeks and months of practice. After each exercise take your tome to reflect on what you observed
+  * Write the alphabet as quickly and legibly as possible, in a straight line (or lines).
+  * Have someone read a magazine article out to you and try to:
+    * a) write it all down as quickly as possible not worrying about where on the paper you place the text
+    * b) take another article and write it out spatially. think about what is talked about and decide where to place the text. (left-right, up-down, centre-periphery, left bottom corner - right top corner). Note how the different spatial structuring effects the meaning and mood of the text
+  * Write down 3-4 words with sufficient space between them. Then draw different lines:
+    * one line to group two or more words
+    * one line to connect two or more words
+    * one line to separate two or more words
+    * one line to emphasize one or more words
+    * try to make a story based on what you see
+  * Write the same word four times. Then draw a circle around the first word,  a square around the next one, a star around or next the following word, a cloud around the final one. Then look at the different words and reflect on the meaning the different shapes add to the written words
+  * Divide the paper into four parts. Write two words in the first, three in the second, four in the third and five in the fourth.
+    * In the first part create a [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venn_diagram|venn diagram]] to connect the two words
+    * In the second create an [[http://www.graphpad.com/faq/images/1467a.png|xy graph]] and connect the words with an arrow
+    * In the third create a [[http://www.ifm.eng.cam.ac.uk/uploads/Research/Decision_Support_Tools/2x2_matrix.gif|2x2 matrix]] and place one word in each quadrant
+    * In the fourth connect the five words in a [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_map|mind map]]
+  * Divide your paper into two columns and ~10 rows. In the left column write a word, in the right draw a symbol. The facilitator says words one by one, the participants write and draw: Eg. music, restaurant, toilet, money, love, death, religion, go left, no parking, Belgium, Michelin, Apple...
+  * The facilitator says words describing emotional states and actions, the participants draw them (using visual conventions, such as speech bubbles, speed lines, symbols...); Eg. hate, rest, death, love, thinking, yelling, running, laughing, sadness...
+  * The facilitator shows one coloured card at the time, the participants free associate. What does this colour bring out in you (emotion, action, mood...)
+  * The facilitator shows different ways of drawing people (star people, balloon people, stick figures, squiggles...) and invites participants to create a scene using different kinds of 'people' doing different things. At the end the participants describe what they see in each other's scenes
+  * Play a short video (5-10 minutes) of a public speech (politicians, TED talks, Pecha Kucha talks, debates...) and attempt to graphically record the talk using all the 'tools' learned so far.
+</blockquote>
+Next session: Flow, or how to design long form sessions that are composed of different types of conversations and exercises. This session is planned for the 18th December 2014.
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   * Chaordic Design
     * http://www.innervention.nl/page21/page21.html
+  * Ideo method cards
+    * http://portiaplante.com/android2/lectures/pdf/ideomethodcards.pdf
 A few experiments that we at FoAM scavenged and adapted from various methods
@@ Line 390: / Line 666: @@
     * A series of exercises for a research course at KABK lasting 6 weeks: http://lib.fo.am/parn/vegetal_culture_degustation
     * FoAM's experimental methodology to create embodied future scenarios: http://lib.fo.am/resilients/prehearsal_pocket_guide
+    * Variations on the prehearsal pocket guide can be found through Future Fabulators [[:/future_fabulators/scenarios]]
     * Luminous Green workshops and retreats (the pages include briefings, questions, framings, harvesting etc.):
       * http://lib.fo.am/luminous/retreat_2010