Differences

This shows you the differences between two versions of the page.

Link to this comparison view

Next revision		 Previous revision
Next revisionBoth sides next revision
ketamine_and_near_death_experience [2007-06-12 12:56] – external edit 127.0.0.1ketamine_and_near_death_experience [2007-06-12 13:34] – nik
Line 126: Line 126:
  
 Within a scientific paradigm, it is not possible that "the spirit rises out of the body leaving the brain behind, but somehow still incorporating neuronal functions such as sight, hearing, and proprioception" (Morse, 1989). To believe that this is possible, we must leave the realm of science and adopt a wholly different paradigm. Within a scientific paradigm, it is not possible that "the spirit rises out of the body leaving the brain behind, but somehow still incorporating neuronal functions such as sight, hearing, and proprioception" (Morse, 1989). To believe that this is possible, we must leave the realm of science and adopt a wholly different paradigm.
 +
  
  
Line 141: Line 142:
 Hearing noises during the initial part of the NDE has been described - the significance of this feature will be discussed later (Noyes and Kletti, 1976a; Morse et al., 1985; Osis and Haraldsson, 1977; Greyson and Stevenson, Hearing noises during the initial part of the NDE has been described - the significance of this feature will be discussed later (Noyes and Kletti, 1976a; Morse et al., 1985; Osis and Haraldsson, 1977; Greyson and Stevenson,
  
- 1. ; Ring, 1980; Sabom, 1982; Greyson, 1983).+1.; Ring, 1980; Sabom, 1982; Greyson, 1983).
  
 Ring (1980) classified NDE's on a 5 stage continuum: Ring (1980) classified NDE's on a 5 stage continuum:
Line 151: Line 152:
  
  
- 1. entering a transitional world of darkness (rapid movements through tunnels: 'the tunnel experience');+1. entering a transitional world of darkness (rapid movements through tunnels: 'the tunnel experience');
  
 4. emerging into bright light; and 4. emerging into bright light; and
Line 157: Line 158:
  
  
- 1. 'entering the light'.+1. 'entering the light'.
  
  
  
- 1. % experienced stage 1, but only 10% attained stage 5 (Ring, 1980).+1. % experienced stage 1, but only 10% attained stage 5 (Ring, 1980).
  
 As might be predicted in a mental state with a neurobiological origin, mundane accounts with less symbolic meaning also occur, e.g. children who may 'see' their school fellows rather than God and angels (Morse, 1985). As might be predicted in a mental state with a neurobiological origin, mundane accounts with less symbolic meaning also occur, e.g. children who may 'see' their school fellows rather than God and angels (Morse, 1985).
Line 167: Line 168:
 The intravenous administration of 50 - 100 mg of ketamine can reproduce all of the features which have commonly been associated with NDE's. Intramuscular administration also results in NDE's, but events evolve at a slower pace and are longer lasting (Domino et al., 1965; Rumpf ,1969; Collier, 1972; Siegel,1978, 1980,1981; Stafford, 1977; Lilly, The intravenous administration of 50 - 100 mg of ketamine can reproduce all of the features which have commonly been associated with NDE's. Intramuscular administration also results in NDE's, but events evolve at a slower pace and are longer lasting (Domino et al., 1965; Rumpf ,1969; Collier, 1972; Siegel,1978, 1980,1981; Stafford, 1977; Lilly,
  
- 1. ; Grinspoon and Bakalar, 1981; White, 1982; Ghoniem et al., 1985; Sputz, 1989; Jansen, 1989a,b, 1990b, 1993,+1. ; Grinspoon and Bakalar, 1981; White, 1982; Ghoniem et al., 1985; Sputz, 1989; Jansen, 1989a,b, 1990b, 1993,
  
- 2. , 1996).+2. , 1996).
  
 Mounting evidence suggests that the reproduction/induction of NDE's by ketamine is not simply an interesting coincidence. Mounting evidence suggests that the reproduction/induction of NDE's by ketamine is not simply an interesting coincidence.
Line 235: Line 236:
  
 Much has been made of the apparent mystery surrounding the occasional ability of cardiac arrest survivors to describe the resuscitation in detail (Sabom, 1982). It is worth noting that ketamine can permit sufficient sensory input to allow accounts of procedures during which the patient appeared wholly unconscious (Siegel, 1981; Hejja and Galloon, 1975).These reports are not regarded by anaesthetists as particularly mysterious. Much has been made of the apparent mystery surrounding the occasional ability of cardiac arrest survivors to describe the resuscitation in detail (Sabom, 1982). It is worth noting that ketamine can permit sufficient sensory input to allow accounts of procedures during which the patient appeared wholly unconscious (Siegel, 1981; Hejja and Galloon, 1975).These reports are not regarded by anaesthetists as particularly mysterious.
 +
  
  
Line 261: Line 263:
 the other statements are strongly supported by experimental data published in leading journals (Benveniste et al.,1984; Simon et al., 1984; Ben-Ari, 1985; King and Dingledine, 1986; Lobner and Lipton, 1990; Rothman et al., the other statements are strongly supported by experimental data published in leading journals (Benveniste et al.,1984; Simon et al., 1984; Ben-Ari, 1985; King and Dingledine, 1986; Lobner and Lipton, 1990; Rothman et al.,
  
- 1. ; Westerberg et al., 1987; Hoyer and Nitsch, 1989).+1.; Westerberg et al., 1987; Hoyer and Nitsch, 1989).
  
 Endogenous substances have been found in the brain which bind to the PCP receptor, one of which is a peptide called 'alpha-endopsychosin' (Quirion et al., 1984). However, this is a controversial area of research. We do know that ions such as magnesium and zinc can block the channel, and it may be that a flood of ions occurs rather than large molecules such as peptides. Endogenous substances have been found in the brain which bind to the PCP receptor, one of which is a peptide called 'alpha-endopsychosin' (Quirion et al., 1984). However, this is a controversial area of research. We do know that ions such as magnesium and zinc can block the channel, and it may be that a flood of ions occurs rather than large molecules such as peptides.
  • ketamine_and_near_death_experience.txt
  • Last modified: 2015-03-13 11:44
  • by nik