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models_of_social_intelligence [2009-01-12 12:27] davegriffithsmodels_of_social_intelligence [2009-01-19 11:59] (current) davegriffiths
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 =====Social Intelligence in Humans===== =====Social Intelligence in Humans=====
 +What is social intelligence?
  
   * Begins in childhood with attachment and love for caregivers   * Begins in childhood with attachment and love for caregivers
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   * Relationships grow and fade as time passes   * Relationships grow and fade as time passes
  
-A long term companion needs to apply the same strategies for creating and maintaining relationships if it's to be effective.+A long term artificial companion needs to apply the same strategies for creating and maintaining relationships if it's to be effective.
  
 =====Emotions and personality===== =====Emotions and personality=====
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 Emotions and personality need to be expressed for people to gain an empathic relation with an agent. Emotions and personality need to be expressed for people to gain an empathic relation with an agent.
  
-  * Disney animation +  * Disney animation has been used as an example in research. 
-  * Actions -> Feelings -> Personality and emotional state+  * The theory is that actions lead to feelings, which lead to personality and perceived emotional state
  
-Companions need to have a consistent personality to maintain long term relationships.+Companions need to have a consistent personality if they are to maintain long term relationships.
  
 =====Theory of mind===== =====Theory of mind=====
  
-A theory of mind is a model of a users emotional state, gained by measuring affective state from sensor input. In this way an agent return an empathic relationship with a human. Such a model must include a users:+See also: [[Theory of Mind in Robotics]] 
 + 
 +A theory of mind in a robot is a model of a users (or another agent's) emotional state, gained by measuring [[affective state]] from sensor input - such as facial expression of tone of voice. In this way an agent may attempt to return an empathic relationship with a human. Such a model must include a users:
  
   * Emotional state   * Emotional state
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 =====Memory and Adaptation===== =====Memory and Adaptation=====
  
-A companion needs to adapt and evolve based on past experiences. +A companion needs to adapt and evolve based on past experiences. The companion must adapt to a users personality in order to match it better as time passes
-To some extent adapt to a users personality in order to match better.+
  
 ======Socially intelligent agents====== ======Socially intelligent agents======
  
-Human intelligence includes: +Human intelligence includes both
-  * Efficient problem solving (has been the focus of much research)+  * Efficient problem solving
   * Social and emotional intelligence   * Social and emotional intelligence
  
-Socially intelligent agents need to have the appearance of socially understanding and also recognise other agents or humans and establish relationships with them.+Socially intelligent agents need to have the appearance of social understanding and also recognise other agents or humans in order to establish relationships with them.
  
 This social information is part of a robot's environment, and sensed through it's understanding of the outside world. This social information is part of a robot's environment, and sensed through it's understanding of the outside world.
  
-***The expectation of social interaction of an agent depends on it's form, a human form is more natural, but also creates very high expectations - which are not currently possible.***+***The expectation of social interaction of an agent depends on it's form, a human form is more natural, but also creates very high expectations - expectations which cannot be currently met.***
  
 =====Castelfranchi's ontology for social interaction===== =====Castelfranchi's ontology for social interaction=====
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   - Social structures and organisation: when a group of agents, with different goals and limited abilities and resources, interact in the same environment, a dependence structure emerges. Such emergence is what makes social goals evolve or be derived.   - Social structures and organisation: when a group of agents, with different goals and limited abilities and resources, interact in the same environment, a dependence structure emerges. Such emergence is what makes social goals evolve or be derived.
  
-Establishing relationships might be easy - it's quite possible for people to have relationships of a form with inanimate objects, maintaining and developing a relationship is harder.+Establishing relationships might be easy - for instance, it's quite possible for people to have relationships of a form with inanimate objects, but maintaining and developing a relationship is harder.
  
 Bickmore & Picard - relationship maintenance strategies, based on human-human relationship maintenance: Bickmore & Picard - relationship maintenance strategies, based on human-human relationship maintenance:
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   * The influence of a social agent on a person   * The influence of a social agent on a person
-  * Social agent another person, social role, norm or group+  * Social agent could be another person, social role, norm or group
   * Social power can be resisted   * Social power can be resisted
 +  * The amount of influence of a social power can be controlled
  
 =====Social Attraction===== =====Social Attraction=====
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 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_theory http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_theory
  
-POX triple+The theory states that people tend to avoid unstable cognitive configurations. For instance if agent A knows and likes agent B, and they both are aware of, and have positive feelings towards object C then there is balance, similarly if they both have negative feelings towards object C. If they disagree then there is imbalance, which can be resolved from agent A's perspective by one of three steps: 
 + 
 +  * Agent A switches to dislike of agent B 
 +  * Agent A decides to change it's mind and agree with agent B about object C 
 +  * Agent A attempts to change agent B's mind, in order to make it agree about object C 
 + 
 +The last option takes more work than the other two, and so there is also a concept of cost for maintaining social balance. 
 + 
 +======Examples of Socially Intelligent Agents====== 
 + 
 +Embodied conversational agents - these use face to face conversations in an attempt to simplify human/computer communication. 
 + 
 +**REA**: The automated real estate agent: http://www.media.mit.edu/gnl/projects/humanoid/ 
 +Attempts to sell people houses, keeps a track of //task talk// and //small talk//, and can interleave them. 
 + 
 +**Laura & FitTrack**: An exercise advisor designed to explore long term relationships. Tested with 100 people, users with the relationship building features added were "more likely" to continue using the system. http://www.ccs.neu.edu/home/bickmore/publications/CACM04.pdf 
 + 
 +**Avatar Arena**: Multi characters interacting with each other on the user's behalf: 
 +http://www.ltg.ed.ac.uk/magicster/deliverables/rist.pdf 
 + 
 +**2SGD Model**: Agents for interacting with groups: 
 +http://gaips.inesc-id.pt/gaips/shared/docs/prada-iva2005.pdf 
 + 
 +=====Social Robots===== 
 + 
 +Sociable physical robots 
 + 
 +**Kismet**: Animatronic head which responds to people's actions, and capable of "proto conversation" through babbling: http://www.ai.mit.edu/projects/humanoid-robotics-group/kismet/ 
 + 
 +**Valerie the roboceptionist**: http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/4306856 
 + 
 +======Emotions and personality in Social Agents====== 
 + 
 +Theoretical foundations start with Darwin's study of expressions in humans and animals. 
 +[[wp>James-Lange theory of emotion]] - maps emotions with physiological responses. 
 + 
 +=====Appraisal Theories===== 
 + 
 +State that emotions are the result of evaluating an event or situation.  
 + 
 +  - Primary appraisal: Is this relevant to me? 
 +  - Secondary appraisal: How should I cope with it? 
 + 
 +=====Emotions to personalities===== 
 + 
 +^ Emotions ^ Moods ^ Personality Traits ^ 
 +| Seconds/Minutes/Hours | Hours/Days/Weeks/Months | Years/Lifetime | 
 + 
 +(Moffat, 1997) states, “personality is the name we give to (an agent’s) reactions tendencies that are consistent over situations and time”. 
 + 
 + 
 +======Examples of computational models of emotions====== 
 + 
 +**EMA**: http://projects.ict.usc.edu/vhumans/2007/Presentation/EMAnop.pdf 
 + 
 +**FAtiMA**: Used in Fear Not! (is this part of ION?)
  
-p = person +  * Events + Emotions -> Appraisal 
-o = other person +  * Appraisal based on 
-x = object+    * Goals 
 +    * Standards 
 +    * Attitudes 
 +  * Emotions have intensity - attenuated in time 
 +  * Mood - overall state of emotions 
 +  * Mood also affects emotions
  
-The theory states that people tend to avoid unstable cognitive configurations.+Personality is a combination of: 
 +  * Emotional threshold - characters resistence to an emotion type 
 +  * Decay rate - How fast an emotion disappears
  
-======Existing Socially Intelligent Agents======+  * Event or action -> Knowledge base update 
 +  *          -> emotion -> autobiographic memory
  
-Embodied conversational agents +**PSI**: [[http://www.cognitive-agents.org/pub/BachMasho2002.pdf]]
  
-====REA====+Needs/drives: 
 +  * food 
 +  * water 
 +  * physical integrity 
 +  * sexuality 
 +  * affiliation (social need) 
 +  * certainty and competence
  
-The automated real estate agent: http://www.media.mit.edu/gnl/projects/humanoid/+Needs given weights, Reactive level/Deliberate level - more goal oriented 
  
 +More info: [[http://www.micropsi.org/]]
  
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