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models_of_social_intelligence [2009-01-19 11:14] davegriffithsmodels_of_social_intelligence [2009-01-19 11:59] (current) davegriffiths
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 ======Models of Social Intelligence====== ======Models of Social Intelligence======
  
-Part of [[Project Lirec]]: Notes (and bits pasted) from Deliverable 5.1 (needs tidying up)+Part of [[Project Lirec]]: Notes (and bits pasted) from Deliverable 5.1
  
 An understanding of social intelligence is needed for creating agents capable of long term companionship with humans.  An understanding of social intelligence is needed for creating agents capable of long term companionship with humans. 
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 Emotions and personality need to be expressed for people to gain an empathic relation with an agent. Emotions and personality need to be expressed for people to gain an empathic relation with an agent.
  
-  * Disney animation +  * Disney animation has been used as an example in research. 
-  * Actions lead to feelings which lead to personality and emotional state+  * The theory is that actions lead to feelingswhich lead to personality and perceived emotional state
  
 Companions need to have a consistent personality if they are to maintain long term relationships. Companions need to have a consistent personality if they are to maintain long term relationships.
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 See also: [[Theory of Mind in Robotics]] See also: [[Theory of Mind in Robotics]]
  
-A theory of mind in a robot is a model of a users (or another agent's) emotional state, gained by measuring affective state from sensor input - such as facial expression of tone of voice. In this way an agent may attempt to return an empathic relationship with a human. Such a model must include a users:+A theory of mind in a robot is a model of a users (or another agent's) emotional state, gained by measuring [[affective state]] from sensor input - such as facial expression of tone of voice. In this way an agent may attempt to return an empathic relationship with a human. Such a model must include a users:
  
   * Emotional state   * Emotional state
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   - Social structures and organisation: when a group of agents, with different goals and limited abilities and resources, interact in the same environment, a dependence structure emerges. Such emergence is what makes social goals evolve or be derived.   - Social structures and organisation: when a group of agents, with different goals and limited abilities and resources, interact in the same environment, a dependence structure emerges. Such emergence is what makes social goals evolve or be derived.
  
-Establishing relationships might be easy - it's quite possible for people to have relationships of a form with inanimate objects, maintaining and developing a relationship is harder.+Establishing relationships might be easy - for instance, it's quite possible for people to have relationships of a form with inanimate objects, but maintaining and developing a relationship is harder.
  
 Bickmore & Picard - relationship maintenance strategies, based on human-human relationship maintenance: Bickmore & Picard - relationship maintenance strategies, based on human-human relationship maintenance:
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   * The influence of a social agent on a person   * The influence of a social agent on a person
-  * Social agent another person, social role, norm or group+  * Social agent could be another person, social role, norm or group
   * Social power can be resisted   * Social power can be resisted
 +  * The amount of influence of a social power can be controlled
  
 =====Social Attraction===== =====Social Attraction=====
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 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_theory http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_theory
  
-POX triple+The theory states that people tend to avoid unstable cognitive configurations. For instance if agent A knows and likes agent B, and they both are aware of, and have positive feelings towards object C then there is balance, similarly if they both have negative feelings towards object C. If they disagree then there is imbalance, which can be resolved from agent A's perspective by one of three steps:
  
-p = person +  * Agent A switches to dislike of agent B 
-o = other person +  * Agent A decides to change it's mind and agree with agent B about object C 
-x = object+  * Agent A attempts to change agent B's mind, in order to make it agree about object C
  
-The theory states that people tend to avoid unstable cognitive configurations.+The last option takes more work than the other two, and so there is also a concept of cost for maintaining social balance.
  
 ======Examples of Socially Intelligent Agents====== ======Examples of Socially Intelligent Agents======
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 http://gaips.inesc-id.pt/gaips/shared/docs/prada-iva2005.pdf http://gaips.inesc-id.pt/gaips/shared/docs/prada-iva2005.pdf
  
-=======Social Robots======+=====Social Robots=====
  
 Sociable physical robots Sociable physical robots
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 ======Emotions and personality in Social Agents====== ======Emotions and personality in Social Agents======
 +
 +Theoretical foundations start with Darwin's study of expressions in humans and animals.
 +[[wp>James-Lange theory of emotion]] - maps emotions with physiological responses.
 +
 +=====Appraisal Theories=====
 +
 +State that emotions are the result of evaluating an event or situation. 
 +
 +  - Primary appraisal: Is this relevant to me?
 +  - Secondary appraisal: How should I cope with it?
 +
 +=====Emotions to personalities=====
 +
 +^ Emotions ^ Moods ^ Personality Traits ^
 +| Seconds/Minutes/Hours | Hours/Days/Weeks/Months | Years/Lifetime |
  
 (Moffat, 1997) states, “personality is the name we give to (an agent’s) reactions tendencies that are consistent over situations and time”. (Moffat, 1997) states, “personality is the name we give to (an agent’s) reactions tendencies that are consistent over situations and time”.
  
-=====Computational models of emotions=====+ 
 +======Examples of computational models of emotions======
  
 **EMA**: http://projects.ict.usc.edu/vhumans/2007/Presentation/EMAnop.pdf **EMA**: http://projects.ict.usc.edu/vhumans/2007/Presentation/EMAnop.pdf
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   * Mood also affects emotions   * Mood also affects emotions
  
 +Personality is a combination of:
   * Emotional threshold - characters resistence to an emotion type   * Emotional threshold - characters resistence to an emotion type
   * Decay rate - How fast an emotion disappears   * Decay rate - How fast an emotion disappears
-    = personality 
  
   * Event or action -> Knowledge base update   * Event or action -> Knowledge base update
   *          -> emotion -> autobiographic memory   *          -> emotion -> autobiographic memory
  
-**PSI**+**PSI**: [[http://www.cognitive-agents.org/pub/BachMasho2002.pdf]]
  
 Needs/drives: Needs/drives:
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 Needs given weights, Reactive level/Deliberate level - more goal oriented  Needs given weights, Reactive level/Deliberate level - more goal oriented 
  
- +More info: [[http://www.micropsi.org/]]
-======Theory of Mind in Social Agents====== +
- +
-The ability to infer mental states in others that are not directly observable.+
  
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