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+ | ==== Pratimokṣa - प्रातिमोक्ष ==== | ||
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+ | (Patimokkha in Pāli and Prātimokṣa in Sanskrit) | ||
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+ | The Pratimokṣa (Sanskrit: प्रातिमोक्ष, | ||
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+ | It became customary to recite these rules once a fortnight at a meeting of the sangha during which confession would traditionally take place. A number of prātimokṣa codes are extant, including those contained in the Theravāda, Mahāsāṃghika, | ||
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+ | The Pratimokṣa is traditionally a section of the Vinaya. The Theravada Vinaya is preserved in the Pāli Canon in the Vinaya Piṭaka. The Mūlasarvāstivāda Vinaya is preserved in both the Tibetan Buddhist canon in the Kangyur, in a Chinese edition, and in an incomplete Sanskrit manuscript. | ||
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+ | ====== Pāṭimokkha ====== | ||
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+ | In Theravada Buddhism, the Pātimokkha is the basic code of monastic discipline, consisting of 227 rules for fully ordained monks (bhikkhus) and 311 for nuns (bhikkhuṇīs). It is contained in the Suttavibhaṅga, | ||
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+ | ====== Dharmaguptaka ====== | ||
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+ | Buddhist traditions in East Asia typically follow the Dharmaguptaka Vinaya lineage of the pratimokṣa | ||
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+ | ====== Mulasarvastivada ====== | ||
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+ | The pratimokṣa of the Mulasarvastivada lineage followed in Tibetan Buddhism is taken for life unless one or more of the four root vows are broken. | ||
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+ | ====== Vinaya ====== | ||
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+ | (via https:// | ||
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+ | The Vinaya (Pali & Sanskrit) is the division of the Buddhist canon (Tripitaka) containing the rules and procedures that govern the Buddhist monastic community, or sangha. Three parallel Vinaya traditions remain in use by modern monastic communities: | ||
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+ | The word Vinaya is derived from a Sanskrit verb that can mean to lead, take away, train, tame, or guide, or alternately to educate or teach. It is often translated as ' | ||
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+ | ====== Adhikaraṇa-Samatha: | ||
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+ | in Bhikkhu Pāṭimokkha (rules for male monks) of Vinaya Pitaka | ||
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+ | - A verdict "in the presence of" should be given. This means that the formal act settling the issue must be carried out in the presence of the Community, in the presence of the individuals, | ||
+ | - A verdict of mindfulness may be given. This is the verdict of innocence given in an accusation, based on the fact that the accused remembers fully that he did not commit the offense in question. | ||
+ | - A verdict of past insanity may be given. This is another verdict of innocence given in an accusation, based on the fact that the accused was out of his mind when he committed the offense in question and so is absolved of any responsibility for it. | ||
+ | - Acting in accordance with what is admitted. This refers to the ordinary confession of offenses, where no formal interrogation is involved. The confession is valid only if in accord with the facts, e.g., a bhikkhu actually commits a pācittiya offense and then confesses it as such, and not as a stronger or lesser offense. If he were to confess it as a dukkata or a saṅghādisesa, | ||
+ | - Acting in accordance with the majority. This refers to cases in which bhikkhus are unable to settle a dispute unanimously, | ||
+ | - Acting for his (the accused' | ||
+ | - Covering over as with grass. This refers to situations in which both sides of a dispute realize that, in the course of their dispute, they have done much that is unworthy of a contemplative. If they were to deal with one another for their offenses, the only result would be greater divisiveness. Thus if both sides agree, all the bhikkhus gather in one place. (According to the Commentary, this means that all bhikkhus in the sima must attend. No one should send his consent, and even sick bhikkhus must go.) A motion is made to the entire group that this procedure will be followed. One member of each side then makes a formal motion to the members of his faction that he will make a confession for them. When both sides are ready, the representative of each side addresses the entire group and makes the blanket confession, using the form of a motion and one announcement (natti-dutiya-kamma). | ||
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+ | ====== Texts ====== | ||
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+ | variously | ||
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+ | * https:// | ||
+ | * http:// | ||
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+ | The Theravada Vinaya is preserved in the Pāli Canon in the Vinaya Piṭaka. The Mūlasarvāstivāda Vinaya is preserved in both the Tibetan Buddhist canon in the Kangyur, in a Chinese edition, and in an incomplete Sanskrit manuscript. Some other complete vinaya texts are preserved in the Chinese Buddhist canon (see: Taishō Tripiṭaka), | ||
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+ | * Mahīśāsaka Vinaya (T. 1421) | ||
+ | * Mahāsāṃghika Vinaya (T. 1425) | ||
+ | * Dharmaguptaka Vinaya (T. 1428) | ||
+ | * Sarvāstivāda Vinaya (T. 1435) | ||
+ | * Mūlasarvāstivāda Vinaya (T. 1442) | ||
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+ | Six complete versions are extant. Fragments of the remaining versions survive in various languages. The first three listed below are still in use. | ||
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+ | * The Pāli version of the Theravāda school | ||
+ | * Suttavibhaṅga: | ||
+ | * Mahāvibhaṅga: | ||
+ | * Bhikkhunīvibhaṅga: | ||
+ | * Khandhaka: 22 chapters on various topics | ||
+ | * Parivāra: analyses of rules from various points of view | ||
+ | * The Mūlasarvāstivāda Vinaya (Sanskrit; Tibetan: འདུལ་བ་, | ||
+ | * Vinayavastu (འདུལ་བ་གཞི་ ‘dul ba gzhi): 17 skandhakas (chapters) | ||
+ | * Vinayavibhaṅga | ||
+ | * Prātimokṣasūtra (སོ་སོར་ཐར་པའི་མདོ་ so sor thar pa‘i mdo): rules for monks | ||
+ | * Vinayavibhaṅga (འདུལ་བ་རྣམ་འབྱེད་ ‘dul ba rnam ‘byed): explanations on rules for monks | ||
+ | * Bhikṣunīprātimokṣasūtra (དགེ་སློང་མའི་སོ་སོར་ཐར་པའི་མདོ་ dge slong ma‘i so sor thar pa‘i mdo): rules for nuns | ||
+ | * Bhikṣunīvinayavibhaṅga (དགེ་སློང་མའི་འདུལ་བ་རྣམ་པར་འབྱེད་པ་ dge slong ma‘i ‘dul ba rnam par ‘byed pa): explanations on rules for nuns | ||
+ | * Vinayakṣudrakavastu (འདུལ་བ་ཕྲན་ཚེགས་ཀྱི་གཞི་ ‘dul ba phran tshegs kyi gzhi): miscellaneous topics | ||
+ | * Vinayottaragrantha (འདུལ་བ་གཞུང་བླ་མ་ ‘ba gzhung bla ma): appendices, including the Upāliparipṛcchā, | ||
+ | * Vinayottaragrantha (འདུལ་བ་གཞུང་དམ་པ་ ‘dul ba gzhung dam pa): a second, more comprehensive version of the above | ||
+ | * The Vinaya in Four Parts (Sanskrit: Cāturvargīya-vinaya; | ||
+ | * Bhikṣuvibhaṅga: | ||
+ | * Bhikṣunīvibhaṅga (明尼戒法): | ||
+ | * Skandhaka (犍度): of which there are 20 | ||
+ | * Samyuktavarga | ||
+ | * Vinayaikottara, | ||
+ | * The Ten Recitation Vinaya (Sanskrit: Daśa-bhāṇavāra-vinaya; | ||
+ | * Bhikṣuvibhaṅga | ||
+ | * Skandhaka | ||
+ | * Bhikṣunīvibhaṅga | ||
+ | * Ekottaradharma, | ||
+ | * Upaliparipriccha | ||
+ | * Ubhayatovinaya | ||
+ | * Samyukta | ||
+ | * Parajikadharma | ||
+ | * Sanghavasesha | ||
+ | * Kusaladhyaya[citation needed] | ||
+ | * The Five Part Vinaya (Sanskrit: Pañcavargika-vinaya; | ||
+ | * Bhikṣuvibhaṅga | ||
+ | * Bhikṣunīvibhaṅga | ||
+ | * Skandhaka[citation needed] | ||
+ | * The Mahāsāṃghika-vinaya (Chinese: 摩訶僧祇律; | ||
+ | * Bhikṣuvibhaṅga | ||
+ | * Bhikṣunīvibhaṅga | ||
+ | * Skandhaka | ||